Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Puritan upbringing and beliefs strongly influenced his novel “The Scarlet Letter.” While he was critical of certain aspects of Puritanism, Hawthorne’s work reflects his understanding and exploration of the Puritan mindset and its impact on individuals and society. Here are some key aspects of Hawthorne’s Puritanism in “The Scarlet Letter”:
- Examination of Puritan Society: Hawthorne presents a detailed examination of the 17th-century Puritan society in Boston, with its strict moral code, religious fervor, and emphasis on public morality. He portrays the rigid and judgmental nature of the society, where sin is severely punished and individuals are expected to conform to societal norms.
- Themes of Sin, Guilt, and Atonement: Hawthorne explores the Puritan concept of sin and its consequences. The scarlet letter, the symbol of Hester Prynne’s adultery, represents the Puritan idea of public shame and punishment for transgressions. The characters in the novel, particularly Hester and Arthur Dimmesdale, grapple with intense guilt and seek redemption and atonement for their sins, reflecting Puritan concerns about moral rectitude.
- Hypocrisy and the Nature of Evil: Hawthorne criticizes the hypocrisy prevalent in Puritan society. While the Puritans outwardly project a moralistic and pious image, the characters in the novel often exhibit hidden vices and secret sins. The character of Roger Chillingworth, who assumes the role of a pious physician but is driven by revenge, exemplifies this hypocrisy and the corrupting effects of unchecked evil.
- Moral Ambiguity and Individual Conscience: Hawthorne delves into the complexities of individual morality and conscience within the confines of Puritanism. He questions the strict Puritan dichotomy of good versus evil, exploring the gray areas that exist in human nature. Characters like Hester and Dimmesdale experience internal conflicts and wrestle with their own moral choices, highlighting the tension between personal conscience and societal expectations.
- Symbolism and Allegory: Hawthorne employs symbolism and allegory throughout the novel to convey his critique of Puritanism. The scarlet letter itself symbolizes the oppressive weight of societal judgment and the transformative power of sin and redemption. Other symbols, such as the scaffold, the forest, and Pearl, Hester’s daughter, carry deeper meanings related to the Puritan ideology and its limitations.
While Hawthorne was critical of certain aspects of Puritanism, he also acknowledged its influence on American culture and history. Through “The Scarlet Letter,” he explores the themes of sin and redemption, the consequences of a rigid moral code, and the complexities of individual conscience within a Puritan context. His portrayal of Puritanism reflects both a nuanced understanding of its beliefs and practices and a critical examination of its shortcomings.
