Middle English Literature refers to the literary works written in the English language between the years 1066 and 1500. This period was shaped by the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, which brought the French language and culture to the English court. The blending of French and Old English influences resulted in a unique literary landscape characterized by diverse genres, including romance, religious literature, and allegorical poetry. In this essay, we will delve into the major themes, genres, and notable works of Middle English Literature.
The Norman Conquest had a profound impact on the development of Middle English Literature. The ruling class, composed of Norman nobility, spoke French, while the common people continued to speak Old English. Over time, the two languages merged, giving rise to Middle English. The influence of French is evident in the vocabulary, syntax, and courtly themes found in Middle English literary works.
One of the defining genres of Middle English Literature is romance. These narrative poems or prose tales focus on chivalry, courtly love, and knightly adventures. One of the most famous examples is “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,” a poem written in the late 14th century. It tells the story of Sir Gawain, a knight of King Arthur’s court, who accepts a challenge from a mysterious Green Knight. The poem explores themes of honor, bravery, and the moral integrity of the knight.
Another important genre of Middle English Literature is religious literature. Following the Christianization of England, religious texts and moral allegories became prominent. “The Canterbury Tales” by Geoffrey Chaucer is perhaps the most celebrated work of this period. Written in the late 14th century, it consists of a collection of stories told by a diverse group of pilgrims traveling to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket in Canterbury. Chaucer offers a vivid portrayal of medieval society, showcasing various social classes, professions, and personalities. The tales themselves encompass a wide range of genres, including romance, fabliau (humorous tales), and moral fables.
Apart from romance and religious literature, Middle English Literature also includes allegorical poems, moral and instructional texts, and ballads. Allegory was a popular literary device used to convey moral and spiritual lessons through symbolic representation. “Piers Plowman” by William Langland is a notable example. It is a long narrative poem that allegorically depicts the journey of the protagonist, Piers Plowman, in search of spiritual truth and social justice.
Moral and instructional texts were also prevalent during this period. “The Book of the Duchess” by Chaucer is an elegy that explores themes of grief and consolation. “The Ancrene Wisse” and “The Ayenbite of Inwyt” (The Remorse of Conscience) are examples of instructional texts that provide guidance on religious and moral matters.
Middle English Literature also includes ballads, which are narrative songs often passed down orally. These ballads recount tales of love, adventure, and tragedy, such as “Robin Hood” and “Sir Patrick Spens.”
It is important to note that Middle English Literature encompasses a wide range of regional dialects, reflecting the linguistic diversity of medieval England. The works from this period highlight the evolving nature of the English language and its transition from Old English to the Early Modern English period.
Middle English Literature offers valuable insights into the social, cultural, and linguistic aspects of medieval England. It reflects the changing society, the blending of cultural influences, and the emergence of English as a literary language. The works of this period continue to be studied and appreciated for their artistic merits and their role in shaping the English literary tradition.
