ABSTRACT
The Metamorphosis (German: Die Verwandlung) is a renowned novella written by Franz Kafka in 1912 but later published in 1915.The Metamorphosis represents Franz Kafka’s comprehensive Marxism metaphor by interpreting the social structure of class conflict in the 20th century. Kafka’s novella represents a tale of a traveling salesman ‘Gregor Samsa’ who one morning got transformed into a giant insect and fell into an oblivion state. This metamorphosis of Gregor simultaneously made him understand that he is just useful material to his family and society. This novella represents the actual scenario of the effects of industrialization in the 20th century, which also goes with the philosophical theories of Karl Marx. Karl Heinrich Marx was a German philosopher, a critic of political economy, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, and socialist revolutionary. His philosophy, also known as Marxism, unifies social, political, and economic theory. It is mainly concerned with the battle between the working class and the upper class and favors communism over socialism and capitalism. In the novella, The Metamorphosis, Franz Kafka has managed to show the ages-long tragedy of the working-class people through the character Gregor Samsa and his family. Thus, this paper aims to explore the themes of alienation of labor and class struggle in The Metamorphosis through the lens of Marxism.
INTRODUCTION
The Metamorphosis is written by the most popular German writer ‘Franz Kafka’ (3 July 1983-3 June 1924). He is widely known for his unique writing style and humor. Almost all his works are translated in English language. His stories seem simple and humorous on apparent level but on metaphorical level which offers many subtle perspectives. His writings are the product and reflection of the era, society, and conditions in which he lived. Franz Kafka’s life was not a bed of roses. The experience of his miserable life gets place in his writings. He was not confident about his own writings but everything he wrote is a masterpiece. His writings are full of his personal experiences and incidents that he suffered. Events in Kafka’s stories are most of the time the experience of every common person. Due to this, his writings are the lights of reality that shows the unspoken, harsh reality of the materialistic world. His writings are different from others and the style of his writings are grotesque, bizarre, cynical, and metaphorical. This fashion of writing got itself a name which is known as “Kafkaesque”. The most popular novella “The Metamorphosis” is a story where the misery of a commoner has shown through magical realism. It shows the misery of working-class people in 20th century through the protagonist Gregor Samsa. Kafka wrote this novella in 1912 in Prague, Czechoslovakia. It was published in 1915 and considered to be his masterpiece. The story represents a tale of a travelling salesman who found himself transformed into an insect after he woke up one morning, but his novella is much connected with the social and economic theories of Karl Marx which metaphorically represents the true scenario of the effects of industrialization in the 20th century. Marxism and Kafka’s The Metamorphosis are connected in their own terms. Marxism talks about class struggle and alienation of labor. We can get relevance to these theories in the novella “The Metamorphosis”. In the novella, the protagonist Gregor Samsa, who is a traveling salesman. One morning suddenly he sees a change in his body and realize that he has become a giant bug like creature. His first thought after that was, how would he go to his job in this condition and how would his family survive without him being the main earning source. Then he thinks of his tiredness of being a fulltime employee and how much he hates his job. We get to know that he does the job not because he wants to but because he needs to. He believes that this change is temporary, and he criticizes his job as a traveling salesman that it is “temporary and constantly changing human relationships, which never come from the heart”. It is his burden to continue like this. He is too much disturbed by his job, but he must run his family and has to pay his father’s debt. Then he can hear the voice of his office manager warning about his carelessness and bad performance. After that we get to know his family’s reaction and their selfishness towards their own son. Also, the behavior of his manager portrait’s a clear view of 20th century industrialized society where bourgeoisie reign over proletariat class and demolish them like a bug.
As S. A. Mir wrote in his research paper that the metaphor of the story can be divided into three main parts. Firstly, Kafka establishes the characters and the economic classes which they represent. Secondly, he discusses in detail Gregor’s metamorphosis and the way in which it impedes his labor. Finally, he describes the results of the worker’s inability to work abandonment by his family and death. (S. A. Mir, p-130)
In other words, Marxism is based on the industrialized era when rapid expansion of industrialization and development in technology and science was often considered in the Nineteenth and Twentieth century to alienate humankind from themselves or from a natural way of life. In the industrial society, the capitalists replaced the aristocracy. The proletariat, who labored for money replaced the working class. Gregor’s metamorphosis from human to a bug shows the insignificance of working class people when they are unable to work. For this reason, he lost his value from his manager, especially from his family. Materialization spread rapidly after industrialization. Even for earthly satisfaction people abandoned their own family members. In The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels stated that, “The bourgeoisie has torn away from the family its sentimental veil and has reduced the family relation into a mere money relation”. The complete breakdown of the relationship shows the relationship was based solely on money. All these things leave him to a miserable death. The novella is a representation of an industrial society which directly represents Marxism. In Marx’s theory, Capitalist or Bourgeoisie owns the means of production. The role of the capitalist in relation to production is superficial, the work they do could be performed by another person who could be elected, or they do not work at all. They earn profit from business and then distribute wages to the proletariat. It is the proletariat that will either sell its labor or labor to survive. A proletarian has no means of production or does not possess the property, capital, and machinery required to produce things. Living in close quarters and often dirty. These facts are outspoken in the novella The Metamorphosis. Moreover, literature plays a vital role in formation of philosophy. So, it can be said that the novella The Metamorphosis itself, as a part of literature, is the representation of Marxism. Throughout this paper it will be discussed in a descriptive manner which will be based on all the essence of Marxism in the novella.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The Metamorphosis is one of the finest works of 20th century modernist literature. This story has been interpreted from many aspects by the critics. It is full of deep philosophical metaphors that relates with Karl Marx’s philosophy. Marxism and its basic theories concerned with the equality of people and freedom. But the class conflict between bourgeoisie and proletariat remains the same in industrialized modern world. Marx described that “people are alienated from nature, from ourselves, and from other people” (Chapter 16).
In the novella, it is evident that the central character Gregor Samsa is alienated from himself, from his family and from other people of the society. As described in a source of reference 2:
The transformation reflects the breakdown of Gregor’s psyche and alienation within himself. How the transformation happened or why, the life changing event just happens without warning is not clear. His life should have turned upside down but instead, he is expecting everything to remain the same. The melancholy of his life is that he works hard just, to quote a popular song, “trying to make ends meet you’re a slave to money then you die (The Verve). His “self -identity is construed by [his] role in society and especially how other people treat [him]” (Jahanbegloo).
Marx’s theory “Alienation of labor” specifies the uncertainty of labors and the harsh reality of them in the industrialized society. Through Gregor Samsa, author has portrait this theme of alienation. According to S. A. Mir:
“The specific characteristics of George Samsa’s insect form is relatively unimportant to the understanding of the class struggle that is taking place. Because of this, the narrator’s description of the bug is rather vague. Instead, what the story focuses on is the way in which George’s value a laborer diminishes when he is unable to work. What the story mainly focuses on is the way in which George’s worth as a laborer decline swiftly when he is unable to work.as soon as his value wafts away, his manager as well as his family and even his own vestigial life abandons him and leave him into a very lugubrious and eremite quarantine death” (S. A. Mir, p-132).
Alienated labor will lead to a change in man’s human and animal functions, referring to a state in which activities shared by human beings with animals are more human than actions, which distinguish them as human beings.
Marx believed, because of his productive activities, as a result, therefore, the workers no longer feel himself to be freely active in any but his animal functions-eating, drinking, procreating, or at most in his dwelling and in dressing-up, etc.; and in his human functions he no longer feels himself to be anything but an animal. What if animal becomes human and what if human becomes animal. Certainly drinking, eating, procreating, etc., are also genuinely human functions. But in the abstraction which separates them from the sphere of all other human activity and turns them into sole and ultimate ends, they are animal (Marx 74-75).
The Metamorphosis has the essence of the class conflict between bourgeoisie and proletariat in 20th century. The capitalists treat the workers like they are nothing but a machine. They make them work like machines and take out all the profit and leave the workers with such a little remuneration which is not enough to survive like a human. Karl Marx focus on one of the worst consequences of the economic system in his era , that was depersonalization of work. Capitalists treat individuals as cogs in a money-making machine. They are only worth something if they add value to the controller’s wealth. The elite extract as much out of their workers as possible, through low wages, hazardous conditions, and long working hours. On the other hand, workers must keep at it because they need to earn a living to feed their families. Attempts to demand for more from their employers were often met with resistance and sometimes redundancy from work. The masses thus felt enslaved at their workplaces. Their bosses controlled when they could leave, enter, eat, or even spend time with their families. The industrial revolution thus dehumanized employees by only seeing them through a utilitarian lens. It is for this reason that when Gregor woke up as a bug, his number one concern was work. The bug worried about potential excuses he could use to explain away his tardiness. This only shows that others dehumanized him before he literally became non-human. Samsa’s physical appearance was inconsequential to that feeling; he had always been lifeless even as a real man.
In this regard Saouli Asma explains in her paper: Man makes himself into an accessory of the machine, instead of laboring for making himself. Modern Industry obliges society to change the detail-worker of today with the developed individual who is willing to face any change of production and fit for any labor. Marx explained that the division of labor leads to the division of collective property and the shift to private ownership (Asma 2)”. “The division of labor implies from the outset the division of the conditions of labor, of tools and materials, and thus the splitting-up of accumulated capital among different owners, and thus, also, the division between capital and labor, and the different forms of property itself.” (Marx 91)
Mahum Qureshi (2011) in a Marxist Interpretation of Kafka’s The Metamorphosis gives reference mainly to three aspects: allegorical level of the story, the text itself, and the biography of the author. The author tries to cover many perspectives through this single article by saying that the major themes of the story are “alienated laborer and exercise of power through mind control (Qureshi 1). Further, the author is of the opinion that human, when they are labors, are used like a part of a machine that helps to continue monotonous function in effective manner. Human being loses his very value of humanity, though the laborers are given money for their services, but still it is a reality that they are deprived of their own manufactured things. This deprivation produces alienation. Further, the author talks about the psychological aspects and calls The Metamorphosis as the separation of Gregor’s self from his real being.
Malcolm Warner (2007) calls The Metamorphosis an epitome of “alienation” (Warner 13). He opines that Gregor’s job has separated and limited him. He feels meaningless and a figure like “an insect” (13). This work has close relations to Kafka’s autobiography where he is in conflict
with various aspects of his life i.e., “his health, his work, and the societal context in which he found himself” (13).
Thus, throughout the novella, the connection between Marxism and his class conflict theory and alienation of labor with the tragedy of Gregor Samsa are the main perspective of the writer Franz Kafka. All the discussion of the critics it is well organized in this literature review that Marxism
and The Metamorphosis are related in its themes and storylines. In the next section, the Marxist view in the novella will be discussed in further details.
DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka can be analyzed through the lens of Marxism and some of the elements of it. At the beginning the question here arises about “Marxism’ and the relation of it to the novella. Marxism basically combined with the theory of socialism and communism as manifested in the writings of the German philosopher Karl Heinrich Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1821-1895). They both were dealing with the human condition and social change. In our society how class system has emerged, and it’s causes of conflict are the base of their theory. The theory’s primary concern were the system and nature of the Capitalist society and how the change can lead to a better society with Communism.
Marxism was first publicly introduced in the 1848 pamphlet, The Communist Manifesto, which is based on class struggle and revolution. To go deep into the Marxism, it is vitally important to understand the terms of Marxism.
The first term is “Capitalism” which is the economic and social system along with the mode of production in which the means of production is privately owned and operated for profit, and the distribution of the product is based on the market economy. In short Capitalism is based on money-oriented society, where the more someone possess money the more power he got in the society. They enjoy all the facilities and commodities in the society with their money and by the result those who doesn’t possess enough money are being exploited.
The second term is “Socialism” which is also a social-economic system and totally opposite of Capitalism where the working-class people control the power of production and its value. The goal of this system is to maintain equality or “Egalitarianism”. Marxism does not agree with these terms because in Capitalism the capitalists exploit the working-class and in Socialism vice versa. The base of Marxism is Communism and the idea of Communism is to create a free society without any division and alienation where in the society there will be no oppression and class struggle. Humanity will take place and power will be given to the capable and rightful according to their abilities. Human freedom will be the main concern and there will be no judgment between people with their wealth. Basically, Communism will end the money based materialistic culture in our society according to Marxism.
In Marxism, Marx and Engels identified six stages of social development. Those are:
1) Primitive Communism: This particular Communism can be seen in tribal community. In tribes’ people have unity among themselves and each tribe support another to survive. 2) Slave Society: It developed when tribal people started to develop cities from primitive society. From there aristocracy evolved and for the benefit of the aristocrat slavery was introduced.
3) Feudalism: Here the aristocrats are the ruling class and for their benefit they started to prioritize materialism which led to the evolvement of Capitalist society.
4) Capitalism: Capitalists also known as Bourgeoisie class took control of everything in the society and officially another class was made which is the working-class. 5) Socialism: It is also known as the dictatorship of the Proletariat. Proletariat or the working-class gain class consciousness. They started to protest that they won’t let the Bourgeoisie to rule. With that the Proletariat got the ruling power which led the society towards Socialism.
6) Communism: In communism, a classless and stateless society has evolved where humanity is the main factor.
In Marxism there are some key ideas of Karl Heinrich Marx and Friedrich Engels. With these aspects the theory of Marxism has established. Those are:
1) Capitalist society is divided into two classes:
a) The Bourgeoisie or the Capitalist class.
b) The Proletariat or the Labor class.
2) Exploitation of Labor and Alienation: The Bourgeoisie increase their wealth by exploiting the Proletariat and alienate them from their product and humanity.
3) Economic Power: Bourgeoisie have the economic power and they took all the controls over social institutions. There are two types of institutions –
a) The Mode of Production: It is also known as the Base of the production of the society. It has the raw materials and tools like machines, industries etc. The upper-class people have the control over the raw materials in the society. The lower-class people can’t afford to get the raw materials which automatically led them to work under the Bourgeoisies.
b) Superstructure: The superstructure of the society are all the other institutions such as legal system, health system, education system, family, the mass media and others. The Bourgeoisies also controls everything with their money and power. And the working class are being neglected from every facility in the society.
4) Ideological Control: The Bourgeoisie with the help of their wealth and money takes control over Ideology of the society and they set boundaries between them and the Proletariat. They take control over humanity and people’s thinking and spread false propaganda that people with money have all the respect in the world and they should be obeyed by all on the other hand those who doesn’t possess wealth power should be neglected by all.
5) False Class Consciousness: The result of the Ideological control of Bourgeoisie causes false class consciousness. They make everyone think like them and lure them into materialism. Which causes alienation and loss of humanity.
6) Commodity Fetishism: By the time in an industrialized society the Capitalist society produce materials that lures the working-class people. They make them buy those materials and it causes materialistic mentality in people. Material objects and money are the main concern in Capitalist society and they are being worshipped by everyone. A race to achieve a false dream to become superior makes the people alienated from each other and lead them into the dark where nobody cares about the real aspect of being human and humanity. People judge people by the outlook and for this the capable and rightful people are being exploited by the Bourgeoisies.
7) Revolution and Communism: By the end to create a classless society and establish equality among people Marxism speaks about revolution where Proletariats will take part and that will bring equality and Communism. A communist society won’t have racism, inequality,
materialism, hatred, class conflict etc. People would be more happier and humanity will be ensured over everything which will led to a free society.
The Metamorphosis is read as 20th century Modernist literature. It is originally written in German by Franz Kafka and the title is “Die Verwandlung”. It begins with the protagonist Gregor Samsa’s physical transformation to a giant insect in the morning bed. Gregor does not show any concern of being a bug neither he panics. Rather he is concerned by the fact that he may not be able to fulfill materialistic social duties that has been forcefully given to him by the society itself.
When this novella interpreted from Marxist perspective, it shows at the beginning that Gregor is not caring being an insect rather he is more concerned about his job, his family. It shows that how working-class people thinks and what is their main concern about life. It’s not about themselves but about fulfilling the duties. The job is not something that Gregor wanted to do; it was not in his passion to become a salesman. He took the job five years back because of his father’s financial crisis. And for five years he is doing the job morning to evening just for providing for his family. As in the novella Gregor thinks of his dehumanizing job-
“Oh God,” he thought, “what a grueling job I’ve picked! Day in, day out- on the road. The upset of doing business is much worse than the actual business in the home office, and besides, I’ve got the torture of traveling, worrying about changing trains, eating miserable food at all hours, constantly seeing new faces, no relationships that last or get more intimate. To the devil with it all!” (The Metamorphosis 3-4).
The quote says it all about Gregor’s situation in this job. Proletariats are not considered as human being to the Bourgeoisie class. They made them work like heartless, lifeless machines. The Class conflict of the materialistic society has set up a dogma where the Upper class can rule over lower class and made them do whatever they want in return of very little labor cost which is not sufficient for the workers. Not that they just made the workers work but they take their time also, a worker works up to 14 hours of the day and they don’t even get their sleep properly. Their life is as miserable as a bug where anybody can crush the bug whenever they feel like. Gregor Samsa like traveling salesmen live like “Harem Women”. They are neglected by the society and don’t have friends. No relationship is permanent in their daily life. They work morning to night and end up their bed with all the tiredness of the world which don’t even let them sleep properly. The burden, ache of loneliness and oblivious thinking is their daily life’s companion. Not that they chose this life to live but they have got no other choices left. Like Gregor Samsa thinks in the novella- “If I didn’t hold back for my parents’ sake, I would have quit long ago” (The Metamorphosis,4).
From Marxist perspective, Gregor’s condition can represent what the lifestyle of the working class people are in the Capitalist society. In Capitalist society, no body sympathizes the disable workers. When a worker becomes unable of fulfilling duty gets fired immediately.
Marx (1967) says that the labors are “slaves of the bourgeois class and of the bourgeois state” (Marx 479). In Das Capital he talks about “the domination of the capitalist over the worker” (Marx 899). He connects political change with social and economic change. The main idea of Capitalism is to use the Proletariats for the sake of Bourgeoises profit until they are no longer able to give their labor. In terms of this labor, they get little number of wages by which their families feed on. When that earner of the family gets unable the whole family collapses and as a matter of the relationship or bonding also collapse. As happens in Gregor’s life, when he got transformed into a bug his family started to becomes unknown to him. They forgot all the things Gregor did for their sake and by the time he became a burden to them. Gregor’s father being a selfish person also cheated his son by hiding the fact that he has got money saved up for later.
In the Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels stated that, “The bourgeoisie has torn away from the family its sentimental veil and has reduced the family relation into a mere money relation”. Marxism also says that the connection between Bourgeoise and proletariat groups under the rule of Capitalism is inevitable. The Base of Production and Superstructure is in the control of the Capitalist In a where Bourgeoisie has the control over all the goods and products the Proletariat only has control over their ability to work. They get alienated from their product when they have reached their goal and no longer needed. Karl Marx believed that this alienation of labor and exploitation would make the Proletariats to take stand for their rights and it will cause a revolution which will break the Capitalist society and cause Socialism.
In the novella, Gregor’s manager represents the Bourgeoisie of the Capitalist society. His behavior towards his worker says it all. Arrogant, full of selfishness and superiority over the workers shows in the novella where Gregor share his thought of the manager- “It is funny too, the way he sits on the desk and talks down from the heights to the employees, especially when they have to come right up close on account of the boss’s being hard of hearing” (The Metamorphosis,4).
Marx states in the Communist Manifesto: “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles” (Marx 24). This explains the Capitalist societies norms and rules clearly. Exploitation of labor in Capitalist society causes alienation. Workers are alienated from their product, freedom, family and mostly from their self. Gregor Samsa throughout the novella seems to get alienated from everything. He has been exploited not only from his job but from his family too. Even in his family, two classes have been created after his metamorphosis. His family has become the ruling class and Gregor has become the oppressor or lower class. The upper class thinks that all the materialistic pleasure of the world are only meant for them and the lower class is meant to be the ladder to that pleasure. When Gregor turns into a bug his mother and sister thinks it is better to take out all the furniture from his room so that he can stroll freely. So that they took out all the furniture of his room but Gregor wasn’t happy about that. Although he has turned into an insect, his thinking and desires are still the same as Gregor. He couldn’t stand the fact that they are taking out everything out of his room and he hurriedly crawled up on the picture of the lady all dressed in furs that Gregor fancies. As described in the novella- “At least no one would take away this picture while Gregor completely covered it up” (The Metamorphosis 26).
This can be interpreted through Marxism theory of Alienation of Labor. There is nothing that proletariat class can call theirs. Everything is in the hand of the ruling class. They snatch their product from the workers and left them with nothing but a little compensation for their labor which is not sufficient for them to live properly. They can manage to eat poorly and the lavish lifestyle and food becomes poison to them because they can’t afford to achieve that in the reign of Capitalists. Capitalists have taken control over people’s ideology. They have set a false class consciousness in the society where nobody respects the lower-class people. They neglect them and ignore them like insects. The poor, unable workers become a burden to the society and they are given humiliating names as in the novella the way the old cleaning lady calls Gregor- “Come over here for a minute, you old dung beetle!” or “Look at that old dung beetle!” (The Metamorphosis 33).
The physical oppression and mental alienation caused Gregor’s illness. Still his family didn’t care about their only provider rather they started to work as they also have to survive with or without Gregor. Gregor’s father took his old job and his situation as a worker is the same as Gregor. His sister Grete and mother also took job in the absence of Gregor’s financial support. The class conflict is also shown when three lodgers come to stay in their house. Their behavior towards the Samsa family shows the superior attitude of the Bourgeoisies. They want all the things done according to their desire and if something doesn’t meet their interest they oppress over the Proletariats. When the lodgers see Gregor as a bug, they refused to pay their rent. Later, all the aggression of Samsa family falls over Gregor and Grete says- “We must try to get rid of it”. Some days later Gregor dies with immense pain and suffering. He refused to eat anything and the injury on his back caused his death.
Gregor’s death can be seen in Marxist perspective as in the ultimate fall of the Proletariats when they can’t take the oppression, they give up to their life. Thus, Gregor’s death can be seen as the final act of surrender to the Capitalist system.
His death brings the Samsa family great relief and they went for a vacation which they think is needed after all the incidents have occurred in their life. Now they have employment of their own and there’s no need of Gregor in their life. They have forgotten that Gregor was the shadow over their head when they needed him the most. Now that he’s dead nobody even notices the emptiness of his presence rather all the focus now is on Gregor’s sister Grete. This is how fast materialistic people changes. This change is the system of a Capitalist society where everyone has forced to think that power is the only source to live a respectful life and to climb up to get power, money is the ladder. Money based society doesn’t value humanity over money, The Metamorphosis is the absolute example of it. From the beginning to the end of the novella, the story can be interpreted in Marxist perspective on class conflict, alienation of labor and exploitation of labor in the Capitalist society.
CONCLUSION
The study discloses the fact that Marxism is relatable in the novella The Metamorphosis. Being an absurdist fiction, the novella not only bring out the essence of 20th century Materialism but also shows the condition of the working-class societies people through the characters Gregor Samsa and his family. The researcher’s attention was drawn into two aspects of Marxism in the novella, Class conflict and Alienation of labor. In the lenses of Marxism, Capitalism and class conflict theories are the essence in the novella where two classes are visible. The Bourgeoise exploits the Proletariat and it causes the Alienation of labor in the Capitalist society. Franz Kafka in the novella gave us the message that a person is respected only for his ability to provide. Once the person in unable to provide get alienated from all the relationship and society. The novella also represents the materialization which spread rapidly after industrialization. Even for earthly satisfaction people abandoned their own family members like shown the novella. From Marxist perspective on one hand the story represents the Capitalist society where people like Gregor belongs to the lower class who can be used by the upper class as much as they want. On the other hand, the story shows the alienation that occurs in the working-class people’s life through Gregor Samsa. Capitalists control the means of production and the power where Proletariats are exploited in every aspect of life.
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